Summary: The hybridization description of orbitals is beautifully elegant, just one problem it’s not “true”. the hybridised orbitals are described as degenerate, having the same energy level. However, it has been observed that there are two different energies (ionization energy) … Read More
Summary: A variety of s and p orbitals in different phases and orientation on different atoms allows bonding to some or all of the atoms that are required to be bonded in Methane. The potential bonding between the Hydrogens and Carbon … Read More
Summary: When considering polar covalent bonding and anti-bonding orbital the s anti-bonding and bonding orbitals are are of higher and lower energies respectively than the p anti-bonding and bonding orbitals. Whilst the empty p orbital is of lower energy than the p anti-bond and the lone pair … Read More
Summary: Different features are observable when comparing molecular orbital diagrams of covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds. Going from a covalent bond to an ionic bond, the pre-bond orbital energies are the same energies whilst the bonding/anti-bonding orbitals are of … Read More
Summary: When the two pre-bond components are of different energy the diagram becomes asymmetric, this is exemplified by the Hydrogen Carbon σ. The bond’s precursor orbitals are the higher energy s orbital of the Hydrogen and the lower energy sp3 orbital of the … Read More
Summary: Hybridization is the combining of s and p orbitals to form hybridized orbital. An sp hybridized orbital is the combining of one s and one p orbital making one lobe of the p orbital larger and one lobe smaller. With Carbon’s four valence electrons of the … Read More
Summary: Hybridization is the combining of s and p orbitals to form hybridized orbital. An sp2 hybridized orbital is the combining of one s and two p orbital making one lobe of the p orbital larger and one lobe smaller. With Carbon’s four valence electrons of … Read More
Summary: Hybridization is the combining of s and p orbitals to form hybridized orbital. An sp3 hybridized orbital is the combining of one s and three p orbital making one lobe of the p orbital larger and one lobe smaller. The electrons arrange themselves to … Read More
Summary: As there are more electrons with the atom their inclusion follows electron filling rules. The Aufbau principle states that the lowest energy orbital is filled first, increasing in shells. Any orbital can have up to two electrons, each travelling … Read More
Summary: Molecular Orbital Theory considers electrons in orbitals prior to a bond forming as well as orbitals to consider when contemplating bonding. Bonding orbitals are where the lobes closet to each other are in phase and electron can travel through … Read More
