Organic Chemistry

March 22, 2019 by pabco2102

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The impact of Organic Chemistry is felt all around us from life saving drugs to TV screens, the food we buy to the chairs we sit on. This course Provides everything you need to evolving an understanding of organic chemistry on the path to become a professional chemist, biochemist, physician, dentist or just an informed member of the general public.

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History 2 Topics | 2 Quizzes

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1 An Introduction to the Original Definition of Organic Chemistry

1 An Introduction to the Original Definition of Organic Chemistry

2 The Modern Definition of Organic Chemistry with the Geography of an atom and the Meaning of “Atomic Number” as well as “Atomic Mass”

2 The New Definition of Organic is the study of Carbon molecules.

Orbitals & Bonds 37 Topics | 34 Quizzes

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1.1 Orbitals, The Shape of s, p and d orbitals

1.1 Orbitals, The Shape of s, p and d orbitals

2.1 Orbitals, Electron Filling Rules, Electron Orbital filling Rules

2.2.1 Orbitals, Electron Filling Rules, Electron Orbital filling Rules

2.2 Orbitals, Electron Filling Rules, Examples of Electron Orbital Filling Rules from Hydrogen to Calcium

2.2.2 Orbitals, Electron Filling Rules, Examples of Electron Orbital Filling Rules from Hydrogen to Calcium

3.1 Orbitals, Hybridization, sp3 Hydridization

2.3.1 Orbitals, Hybridization, sp3 Hydribization

3.2 Orbitals, Hybridization, sp2 Hybridization

2.3.2 Orbitals, Hybridization, sp2 Hybridization

3.3 Orbitals, Hybridization, sp Hybridization

2.3.3 Orbitals, Hybridization, sp Hybridization

3.6 Orbitals, Hybridization, Other Atom's Hybridized Bonds and Lone Pair Angles

2.3.6 Orbitals, Hybridization, Other Atom's Hybridized Bonds and Lone Pair Angles

3.4 Orbitals, Hybridization, Covalently Bonded Carbon Molecules; their Bond Angles and Lengths

2.3.4 Orbitals, Hybridization, Covalently Bonded Carbon Molecules; their Bond Angles and Lengths

3.5 Orbitals, Hybridization, Hybridized Bond Angles and Lengths Related to "s" Character

2.3.5 Orbitals, Hybridization, Hybridized Bond Angles and Lengths Related to "s" Character

3.7 Orbitals, Hybridization, The Identification of Hybridized Centres in Molecules

2.3.7 Orbitals, Hybridization, The Identification of Hybridized Centres in Molecules

3.8 Orbitals, Hybridization, Is Hybridization the best Explanation of Electronic Orbitals?

3.9 Orbitals, Modern Rationalisation, The Current Explanation of Sigma Bonds with the Example of Methane

4.1 Valence Electrons & The Octet Rule, Valence Electrons and their Role in Fulfilling the Octet Rule

2.4.1 Valence Electrons & The Octet Rule, Valence Electrons and their Role in Fulfilling the Octet Rule

4.2 Valence Electrons & The Octet Rule, How Valence Electrons and Shells Relate to the Periodic Table

2.4.2 Valence Electrons & The Octet Rule, How Valence Electrons and Shells Relate to the Periodic Table

4.3 Valence Electrons & The Octet Rule, How fulfillment of the Octet Rule Relates to the Periodic Table through Ionic and Covalent Bonds

2.4.3 Valence Electrons & The Octet Rule, How fulfillment of the Octet Rule Relates to the Periodic Table through Ionic and Covalent Bonds

4.4 Valence Electrons & The Octet Rule, Three Exceptions to the Octet Rule

2.4.4 Valence Electrons & The Octet Rule, Three Exceptions to the Octet Rule

5.1 Bond, The Formation of an Ionic Bond

2.5.1 Bond, The Formation of an Ionic Bond

5.2 Bonds, Formation of a Covalent Bond

2.5.2 Bonds, Formation of a Covalent Bond

5.3 Bonds, Formation of Covalently Bonded Molecules

2.5.3 Bonds, Formation of Covalently Bonded Molecules

5.4 Bonds, Molecular Orbital Theory for Hydrogen Sigma bonds and Carbon Pi Bonds

2.5.4 Bonds, Molecular Orbital Theory for Hydrogen Sigma bonds and Carbon Pi Bonds

5.5 Bonds, Molecular Orbital Theory for Hydrogen Carbon Sigma bonds

2.5.5 Bonds, Molecular Orbital Theory for Hydrogen Carbon Sigma bonds

5.6 Bonds, Molecular Orbital Theory for Covalent, Polar Covalent and Ionic Bonds

2.5.6 Bonds, Molecular Orbital Theory for Covalent, Polar Covalent and Ionic Bonds

5.7 Bonds, Molecular Orbital Theory for Polar Covalent Sigma, Pi Bonds as well as Lone Pairs and Empty p Orbitals

2.5.7 Bonds, Molecular Orbital Theory for Polar Covalent Sigma, Pi Bonds as well as Lone Pairs and Empty p Orbitals

5.8 Bonds, Why we Don't Draw Everything When Depicting Molecules?

5.9 Bonds, Neutral, Cationic as well as Anionic Carbon's, Oxygen's and Nitrogen's Electronic Spatial Arrangements

2.5.9 Bonds, Neutral, Cationic as well as Anionic Carbon's, Oxygen's and Nitrogen's Electronic Spatial Arrangements

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Acids & Bases 11 Topics

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1.1 Reactions, The use of Acid and Base Strength to predict Reaction Direction

1.2 Reactions, Organic Acids & Bases

1.3 Reactions, Predicting Strength of Acid and the Main Direction of an Acid/Conjugate Base Reaction

1.4 Reactions, Examples of an Acid's Reaction with a Base

1.5 Reactions, Using the pKa Values to Predict the Main Direction of the Reaction

1.6 Reactions, Molecules can be Amphoteric and React with Both Acids or Bases

2.1 pKa, Bronsted Lowery Acids and Bases and the Equilibrium Constant of an Acid's Reaction with Water

2.2 pKa, Examples of Acids and their pKa Values

3.1 Lewis / Bronsted, The Definition of Lewis Acid and Base

3.2 Lewis / Bronsted, Examples of Lewis as well as Bronsted/Lowery Acids and Bases

4.1 Hard & Soft, The History, Characteristics and Examples of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB)

Naming 28 Topics | 26 Quizzes

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1.1 Alkanes/Alkyls, Names and Structures of Common Alkanes

1.1 Alkanes/Alkyls, Names and Structures of Common Alkanes

1.2 Alkanes/Alkyls, Names and Structures of Common Alkyl groups

1.2 Alkanes/Alkyls, Names and Structures of Common Alkyl groups

1.3 Alkanes/Alkyls, The Nomenclature for the Way Carbons Can be Attached to Each Other with 4 Carbons in Total

1.3 Alkanes/Alkyls, The Nomenclature for the Way Carbons Can be Attached to Each Other with 4 Carbons in Total

1.4 Alkanes/Alkyls, The Nomenclature for the Way Carbons Can be Attached to Each Other with 5 Carbons in Total

1.4 Alkanes/Alkyls, The Nomenclature for the Way Carbons Can be Attached to Each Other with 5 Carbons in Total

2.1 Functional Groups, Functional Group Introduction

2.1 Functional Groups, Functional Group Introduction

2.2 Functional Groups, Names and Structures of Functional Groups

2.2 Functional Groups, Names and Structures of Functional Groups

2.3 Functional Groups, Priorities with Functional Groups Giving Higher and Lower Priority Names

2.3 Functional Groups, Priorities with Functional Groups Giving Higher and Lower Priority Names

2.4 Functional Groups, The Same Atoms Connected Differently Can Give Different Functional Groups

2.4 Functional Groups, The Same Atoms Connected Differently Can Give Different Functional Groups

3.1 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Atoms, Naming Different Arrangements of Carbon/Carbon or Nitrogen/Carbon Bonds, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

3.1 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Atoms, Naming Different Arrangements of Carbon/Carbon or Nitrogen/Carbon Bonds, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

4.1 IUPAC Rules, The Components in the Name and the Steps to Assembling it

4.1 IUPAC Rules, The Components in the Name and the Steps to Assembling it

4.2 IUPAC Rules, Branches to the Main Chain

4.2 IUPAC Rules, Branches to the Main Chain

4.3 IUPAC Rules, Choosing Between Equal Length Chains to Select the Parent Chain

4.3 IUPAC Rules, Choosing Between Equal Length Chains to Select the Parent Chain

4.4 IUPAC Rules, Placing Substituents in Order

4.4 IUPAC Rules, Placing Substituents in Order

4.5 IUPAC Rules, Only the Lowest Number is Considered When Identifying the Parent Chain Direction

4.5 IUPAC Rules, Only the Lowest Number is Considered When Identifying the Parent Chain Direction

4.6 IUPAC Rules, Indicating Halogens in Molecules

4.6 IUPAC Rules, Indicating Halogens in Molecules

4.7 IUPAC Rules, Order the Substituents Alphabetically ONLY if Numerically the Molecule’s Substituents are Equal from Either Direction of the Main Chain

4.7 IUPAC Rules, Order the Substituents Alphabetically ONLY if Numerically the Molecule’s Substituents are Equal from Either Direction of the Main Chain

4.8 IUPAC Rules, Describing Substituents that are Common Arrangements of Alkyl Groups

4.8 IUPAC Rules, Describing Substituents that are Common Arrangements of Alkyl Groups

4.9 IUPAC Rules, Describing Substituents that are Uncommon Arrangements of Alkyl Groups

4.9 IUPAC Rules, Describing Substituents that are Uncommon Arrangements of Alkyl Groups

4.10 IUPAC Rules, How to Describe Multiple Examples of the Same Substituent on the Same Molecule

4.10 IUPAC Rules, How to Describe Multiple Examples of the Same Substituent on the Same Molecule

4.11 IUPAC Rules, Choosing Between Chains and Rings to be the Parent System

4.11 IUPAC Rules, Choosing Between Chains and Rings to be the Parent System

4.12 IUPAC Rules, If the Chain and Ring have the Same Number of Carbons, the Ring is the Parent System

4.12 IUPAC Rules, If the Chain and Ring have the Same Number of Carbons, the Ring is the Parent System

4.13 IUPAC Rules, Numbering the Substituents Where there is a Ring Parent System

4.13 IUPAC Rules, Numbering the Substituents Where there is a Ring Parent System

4.14 IUPAC Rules, Where Alternative Numbering for a Ring are Numerically the same, ONLY then the Molecule is Numbered with the Lowest Number on the Alphabetically lowest Fucntional Group

4.14 IUPAC Rules, Where Alternative Numbering for a Ring are Numerically the same, ONLY then the Molecule is Numbered with the Lowest Number on the Alphabetically Lowest Fucntional Group

4.15 IUPAC Rules, How to Describe Prioritised Functional Groups in a Name

4.15 IUPAC Rules, How to Describe Prioritised Functional Groups in a Name

5.1 Alternative strategies, The Different Naming Strategies for Molecules

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Alkanes 8 Topics

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1.1 Introduction, Alkanes Introduction

1.2 Introduction, Just a Few Atom can be Connected in Many Different Ways

1.3 Introduction, The Same Molecule Can be Depicted in Different ways

1.4 Introduction, The Properties of Alkanes

2.1 Radicals, Barton Nitrite Ester Photolysis; Functionalisation of a Methyl Group in Corticosterione Actate to form Aldosterone

2.2 Radicals, How Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) Initiates Radical Formation

2.3 Radicals, Barton Decarboxylation via Thiohydroxamate Ester

2.4 Radicals, Barton-McCombie Deoxygenation via Thioxoester

Photochemistry 8 Topics

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1.1 Introduction, Introduction to Photochemistry

1.2 Introduction, A Jablonski Diagram

1.3 Introduction, The Isomerisation of Alkenes with Light

1.4 Introduction, Photosensitizers

2.1 Reactions, Norrish Type I

2.2 Reactions, Norrish Type II

2.3 Reactions, Di-Pi-Methane Rearrangement

2.4 Reactions, Retinal’s Role in Sight via Photoisomerisation

Carbenes 13 Topics

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1.1 Introduction, Carbene Stabilisation

1.2 Introduction, Different Categories of Carbenes

1.3 Introduction, Formation of Carbenes

1.4 Introduction, Carbene Metal Complexes: Grubbs Metathesis Catalyst and Tebbe Reagent

1.5 Introduction, Carbenoids

2.1 Reactions, Identifying Singlet or Triplet State

2.2 Reactions, Frontier Orbital Rationalisation of the Cycloaddition’s Approach Direction

2.3 Reactions, Ciamician-Dennstedt Rearrangement, 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition, Skattebol Rearrangement and Corey-Fuchs

2.4 Reactions, Wolff Rearrangement

2.5 Reactions, Arndt-Eistert Homologation and Corey-Winter

2.6 Reactions, Synthesis of beta-Lactams via Carbenes

3.1 Nitrenes, Nitrene Formation

3.2 Nitrenes, Reactions of Nitrenes

Conformation 55 Topics | 45 Quizzes

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1.1 Strain, How to Describe the Relative Locations of Two Substituents Attached to Adjacent Carbons

1.1 Strain, How to Describe the Relative Locations of Two Substituents Attached to Adjacent Carbons

1.2 Strain, The Gauche Effect

1.2 Strain, The Gauche Effect

1.3 Strain, Torsional/Pitzer/Eclipsing Strain

1.3 Strain, Torsional/Pitzer/Eclipsing Strain

2.1 Acyclic, sp3, Stereochemistry of Alkanes

2.1 Acyclic, sp3, Stereochemistry of Alkanes

2.2 Acyclic, sp3, Ethane and the Rotation About its Carbon Carbon Bond

2.2 Acyclic, sp3, Ethane and the Rotation About its Carbon Carbon Bond

2.3 Acyclic, sp3, Propane and the Rotation About its Carbon Carbon Bond

2.3 Acyclic, sp3, Propane and the Rotation About its Carbon Carbon Bond

2.4 Acyclic, sp3, Energies of the Conformations of Propane

2.4 Acyclic, sp3, Energies of the Conformations of Propane

2.5 Acyclic, sp3, Energies of the Conformations of Butane

2.5 Acyclic, sp3, Energies of the Conformations of Butane

2.6 Acyclic, sp3, Calculating the Energy Levels of the Syn-eclipsed and Eclipsed Conformations of Butane

2.6 Acyclic, sp3, Calculating the Energy Levels of the Syn-eclipsed and Eclipsed Conformations of Butane

2.7 Acyclic, sp2, Energies of the Conformations of 1-Butene

2.7 Acyclic, sp2, Energies of the Conformations of 1-Butene

2.8 Acyclic, sp2, Energies of the Conformations of Propanal and the Impact of Alkyl Substituent Size Upon the Variation in Energy of Eclipsed Alkanals

2.8 Acyclic, sp2, Energies of the Conformations of Propanal and the Impact of Alkyl Substituent Size Upon the Variation in Energy of Eclipsed Alkanals

2.9 Acyclic, sp2, A Comparison of the Conformational Energies of 1-Butene and Propanal

2.9 Acyclic, sp2, A Comparison of the Conformational Energies of 1-Butene and Propanal

2.10 Acyclic, sp2, Energies of the Conformations of E 2-Pentene

2.10 Acyclic, sp2, Energies of the Conformations of E 2-Pentene

2.11 Acyclic, sp2, Energies of the Conformations of Z 2-Pentene

2.11 Acyclic, sp2, Energies of the Conformations of Z 2-Pentene

2.12 Acyclic, sp2, How to Anticipate the Direction of Reactants Approach Towards Allylic and Analogous Systems to Predict the Stereochemical Outcome with Hydroboration as an Example

2.12 Acyclic, sp2, How to Anticipate the Direction of Reactants Approach Towards Allylic and Analogous Systems to Predict the Stereochemical Outcome with Hydroboration as an Example

3.1 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Introduction, How to Draw a Cyclohexane and the Consequence of Ring Flipping

3.1 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Introduction, How to Draw a Cyclohexane and the Consequence of Ring Flipping

3.2 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Different Substitutents 1,3-Diaxial Interaction Energy

3.2 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Different Substitutents 1,3-Diaxial Interaction Energy

3.3 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Cis-1,2 Disubstitution, Energy of the two Chair Cyclohexanes

3.3 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Cis-1,2 Disubstitution, Energy of the two Chair Cyclohexanes

3.4 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Trans-1,2 Disubstitution, Energy of the two Chair Cyclohexanes

3.4 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Trans-1,2 Disubstitution, Energy of the two Chair Cyclohexanes

3.5 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Cis/Trans-1,3 Disubstitution, Energy of the two Chair Cyclohexanes

3.5 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Cis/Trans-1,3 Disubstitution, Energy of the two Chair Cyclohexanes

3.6 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Cis/Trans-1,4 Disubstitution, Energy of the two Chair Cyclohexanes

3.6 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, Cis/Trans-1,4 Disubstitution, Energy of the two Chair Cyclohexanes

3.7 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, t-Butyl Group's Ability to "lock" the Cyclohexane Ring

3.7 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, t-Butyl Group's Ability to "lock" the Cyclohexane Ring

3.8 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, A Summary of Disubstitution Patterns on a Cyclohexane Ring

3.8 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, A Summary of Disubstitution Patterns on a Cyclohexane Ring

3.9 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, How Does Cyclohexane Convert Between Chair Conformations

3.9 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, How Does Cyclohexane Convert Between Chair Conformations

3.10 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, How a Cyclohexane Chair Conformation is Converted into a Boat Conformation

3.10 Cyclic, Cyclohexane, Strain, How a Cyclohexane Chair Conformation is Converted into a Boat Conformation

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Alternative Reaction Pathways 3 Topics

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1.1 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control of Reactions

1.2 The Curtin Hammett Principle

1.3 Factors that Influence the Dominant Product Outcome from Two Interconvertible Reactants

Reaction Classification 6 Topics

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1.1 The Classification of Organic Reactions

1.2 Heterolytic and Homolytic Bond Formation and Cleavage

1.3 Radical Reactions

1.4 Polar Reactions

1.5 Nucleophiles and Electrophiles

1.6 Nucelophiles and Electrophiles in Reactions

Reaction Rate and Equlibrium 7 Topics

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1.1 Equilibrium, Forward and Backward Reactions

1.2 Gibbs Free Energy

1.3 Calculating Gibbs Free Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy

1.4 Enthalpy & Entropy

1.5 Reaction Rates & Activation Energy

1.6 Breaking a Reaction Down into Individual Step’s as well as the Whole Reaction’s Activation and Gibbs Free Energy

1.7 Using Bond Disassociation Energies to Calculate Enthalpy and Activation Energy

Stereochemistry 36 Topics | 24 Quizzes

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1.1, Impact, Stereochemistry Impacts the Way our Body Interacts with a Molecule

1.2 Impact, The Importance of Stereochemistry in Drugs

1.2 Impact, The Importance of Stereochemistry in Drugs

2.1 Stereoisomers, Different Types of Isomers

2.1 Stereoisomers, Different Types of Isomers

2.2 Stereoisomers, Enantiomers (Part 1)

2.2 Stereoisomers, Enantiomers (Part 1)

2.3 Stereoisomers, Enantiomers (Part 2)

2.3 Stereoisomers, Enantiomers (Part 2)

2.4 Stereoisomers, Identifying Stereogenic Centres within Molecules

2.4 Stereoisomers, Identifying Stereogenic Centres within Molecules

2.5 Stereoisomers, Wedge-dot and Fischer Projection. How a Polarimeter works

2.5 Stereoisomers, Wedge-dot and Fischer Projection. How a Polarimeter works

2.6 Stereoisomers, Determination of the [a] Value and Enantiomer Excess

2.6 Stereoisomers, Determination of the [a] Value and Enantiomer Excess

2.7 Stereoisomers, The Discovery of Enantiomers

2.8 Stereoisomers, Multiple Stereogenic Centres, Enantiomers, Diastereomer and Epimers

2.8 Stereoisomers, Multiple Stereogenic Centres, Enantiomers, Diastereomer and Epimers

2.9 Stereoisomers, Determination of the Number of Stereoisomers in a Molecule Including Meso Compounds

2.9 Stereoisomers, Determination of the Number of Stereoisomers in a Molecule Including Meso Compounds

2.10 Stereoisomers, Identification of Stereochemistry in Substituted Cycloalkanes

2.10 Stereoisomers, Identification of Stereochemistry in Substituted Cycloalkanes

3.1 Reactions, Substrate and Auxiliary Stereochemical Control

3.2 Reactions, Reagent Stereochemical Control

3.3 Reactions, Catalyst Stereochemical Control

3.4 Reactions, Kinetic Resolution

3.4 Reactions, Kinetic Resolution

3.5 Reactions, Anti and Syn Additions and Their Stereochemical Consequences

3.5 Reactions, Anti and Syn Additions and Their Stereochemical Consequences

3.6 Reactions, The Effect of Stereochemical Selectivity Upon the Ratios of Enantiomers and Diastereomers

3.6 Reactions, The Effect of Stereochemical Selectivity Upon the Ratios of Enantiomers and Diastereomers

4.1 Determination of Priorities, Cahn Ingold Prelog (CIP), Examples of Sequence Rules

4.2 Determination of Priorities, Cahn Ingold Prelog (CIP), Full Sequence Rules

4.3 Determination of Priorities, Cahn Ingold Prelog (CIP). Saturated, Single bonded Substituents

4.4 Determination of Priorities, Cahn Ingold Prelog (CIP). Unsaturated, Multiple bonded Substituents

4.5 Determination of Priorities, Cahn Ingold Prelog (CIP). Ring Substituents

4.6 Determination of Priorities, Cahn Ingold Prelog (CIP). Rings with Auxiliary Stereodescriptors

5.1 Terminology, Stereochemical Terminology

5.1 Terminology, Stereochemical Terminology

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Alkene and Alkyne 3 Topics

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1.1 Introduction, Useful Alkenes and Where to Find Them in Nature

2.1 Naming, Naming Alkynes

2.2 Naming, Alkene stereochemical descriptors Cis & Trans, E & Z